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Termites are less likely to be attacked by parasites than bees, wasps and ants, since they are usually well protected in their mounds.122 Nevertheless, termites are infected by a variety of parasites. A few of them include dipteran flies,123 Pyemotes mites, and a large number of nematode parasites. Most nematode parasites are in the order Rhabditida; many others are in the genus Mermis, Diplogaster aerivora and Harteria gallinarum.
M. anispliae is known to weaken the termite immune system. Infection with A. nomius only takes place when a colony is under great anxiety. .
Termites are infected by viruses including Entomopoxvirinae and the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus.130131
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Foraging behavior depends on the form of termite. By way of example, certain species feed on the wood structures they inhabit, and many others harvest food that's near the nest.132 Most employees are seldom found out in the open, and do not forage unprotected; they rely on sheeting and runways to protect them from predators.
When they find a food sourcethey communicate to other soldiers and a small force of workers starts to emerge. In the second phase, employees appear in massive numbers at the website. The next phase is marked by a decrease in the number of soldiers present and an increase in the number of employees.136 Isolated termite workers may engage in Lvy flight behavior as an optimised way for finding their nestmates or foraging for food.137.
Competition between two colonies always results in agonistic behavior towards one another, resulting in struggles. These fights can lead to mortality on either side and, in some cases, the gain or loss of territory.138139"Cemetery pits" may be present, in which the bodies of dead termites are buried.140
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Studies show that when termites encounter each other in foraging areas, some of the termites deliberately block passages to prevent other termites from entering.134141 Dead termites from different colonies found in exploratory tunnels contributes to the isolation of the area and so the need to construct new tunnels.142 Conflict between two competitors does not always happen.
Since C. formosanus colonies can get into physical conflict, a few termites squeeze try this website tightly into foraging tunnels and die, successfully blocking the tunnel and ending all agonistic activities.144.
Among the reproductive caste, neotenic queens can compete with one another to become the dominant queen when there are no primary reproductives. This battle among the queens leads to the elimination of all but a single queen, which, with the king, takes over the colony.145
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Ants and termites can compete with each other for nesting space. In particular, ants that prey on termites normally have a negative effect on arboreal nesting species.146
Most termites are blind, so communication primarily occurs through chemical, mechanical and pheromonal cues.41134 These methods of communication are used in a variety of activities, including foraging, locating reproductives, construction of nests, recognition of nestmates, nuptial flight, and locating and fighting enemies, and defending the nests.41134 The most common way of communicating is through antennation.134 A number of pheromones are known, including contact pheromones (which are transmitted when employees are engaged in trophallaxis or grooming) and alarm, path and sex pheromones.
Route pheromones are secreted from the sternal gland, and sex pheromones derive from two glandular sources: the sternal and tergal glands.41 When termites go out to search for food, they forage in columns along the ground throughout vegetation. A path can top article be identified by the faecal residue or runways that are covered by objects.
When termites construct their nests, they utilize predominantly indirect communication. No single termite are in charge of any specific construction job. Individual termites respond rather than think, however at a set level, they display a type of collective cognition. Particular structures or other items such as pellets of columns or soil cause termites to start building.
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The outcome is a self-organised procedure where the information that sends termite activity results in changes in the environment rather than from direct contact among individuals.134.
Termites can distinguish nestmates and non-nestmates through chemical communication and gut symbionts: chemicals consisting of hydrocarbons discharged from the cuticle allow the recognition of alien species.148149 Each colony has its own distinct odour. This odour is Due to genetic and environmental factors like the termites' diet andThe composition of the bacteria within the termites' intestines.150.
Termites rely on alarm communication to defend a colony.134 Alarm pheromones can be discharged when the nest has been broken or is being attacked by enemies or potential pathogens. Termites always avoid nestmates infected with Metarhizium anisopliae spores, through vibrational signals released by infected nestmates.151 Additional methods of defence include intense jerking and secretion of fluids from the frontal gland and defecating faeces containing alarm pheromones.134152.